what does an economist know about the social effects on the subject of legalization of all drugs ??
imagine heroin being legal LMAO. just the marketing side of it. holy shit i can't imagine.
people who think drugs ought be legal and easily distributed should be shot in the face
try doing something with your worthless lives instead of killing braincells and wasting money in the process
imagine heroin being legal LMAO. just the marketing side of it. holy shit i can't imagine.
wow
you're fucking stupid.
Economics
Marketing
two different fields bro
Heroin did used to be legal and society didn't come crashing and burning to the ground.
It also used to be widely marketed for just about everything that ails you.
drugs are illegal because they don't benefit our society and their use would increase with legalization. making them legal won't help us in anyway.
WALL OF TEXT.
drugs are illegal because they don't benefit our society and their use would increase with legalization. making them legal won't help us in anyway.
people who think drugs ought be legal and easily distributed should be shot in the face
try doing something with your worthless lives instead of killing braincells and wasting money in the process
people who think drugs ought be legal and easily distributed should be shot in the face
try doing something with your worthless lives instead of killing braincells and wasting money in the process
B) Cannabis in fact does NOT kill brain cells from just "smoking" it.
Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis use...[Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001 Sep-Oct] - PubMed Result
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 12 long-term cannabis users shortly after cessation of cannabis use (mean 1.6 days). The findings showed significantly lower mean hemispheric blood flow values and significantly lower frontal values in the cannabis subjects compared to normal controls. The results suggest that the functional level of the frontal lobes is affected by long-term cannabis use.
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Current and former marijuana use: preliminary find...[CMAJ. 2002] - PubMed Result
RESULTS: Current marijuana use was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) in a dose-related fashion with a decline in IQ over the ages studied. The comparison of the IQ difference scores showed an average decrease of 4.1 points in current heavy users (p < 0.05) compared to gains in IQ points for light current users (5.8), former users (3.5) and non-users (2.6).
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JAMA -- Abstract: The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students, February 21, 1996, Pope and Yurgelun-Todd 275 (7): 521
RESULTS: Heavy users displayed significantly greater impairment than light users on attention/executive functions, as evidenced particularly by greater perseverations on card sorting and reduced learning of word lists. These differences remained after controlling for potential confounding variables, such as estimated levels of premorbid cognitive functioning, and for use of alcohol and other substances in the two groups.
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Arch Gen Psychiatry -- Abstract: Regional Brain Abnormalities Associated With Long-term Heavy Cannabis Use, June 2008, Ycel et al. 65 (6): 694
Results Cannabis users had bilaterally reduced hippocampal and amygdala volumes (P = .001), with a relatively (and significantly [P = .02]) greater magnitude of reduction in the former (12.0% vs 7.1%). Left hemisphere hippocampal volume was inversely associated with cumulative exposure to cannabis during the previous 10 years (P = .01) and subthreshold positive psychotic symptoms (P < .001). Positive symptom scores were also associated with cumulative exposure to cannabis (P = .048). Although cannabis users performed significantly worse than controls on verbal learning (P < .001), this did not correlate with regional brain volumes in either group.
Conclusions These results provide new evidence of exposure-related structural abnormalities in the hippocampus and amygdala in long-term heavy cannabis users and corroborate similar findings in the animal literature. These findings indicate that heavy daily cannabis use across protracted periods exerts harmful effects on brain tissue and mental health.
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[Impact of cannabis consumption on brain developme...[Gesundheitswesen. 2008] - PubMed Result
The data seem to be consistent however, when a differentiation between early begin of consumption (before the age of 16) and late begin of consumption is taken into account. Mainly those cannabis users with an early begin of consumption are prone to developing lasting neurocognitive deficits and even a decrease in grey substance volume, as well as an increase in the risk of psychosis. The correlation of this outcome with cannabis consumption during a phase of brain development that includes the consolidation of higher cognitive functions, awareness of social cues, planning of concepts and motivation as well as tools of functional control, is highly convincing. The endocannabinoid system reaches the point of highest receptor density during this age of 16/17 years, and many of the above-mentioned developmental processes are modulated by this system. A chronic damage to this system (e.g., down-regulation or desensitisation of CB1 receptors by exogenous cannabinoids) therefore holds the potential for permanent neurophysiological as well as neurocognitive deficits, and also for the development of psychotic disorders.
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Cannabis use, cognitive performance and mood in a sample of workers -- Wadsworth et al. 20 (1): 14 -- Journal of Psychopharmacology
Cannabis users and controls completed a battery of laboratory based computer tasks measuring mood and cognitive function pre- and post-work at the start and end of a working week. They also completed daily diaries reporting their work performance.
Cannabis use was associated with impairment in both cognitive function and mood, though cannabis users reported no more workplace errors than controls. Cannabis use was associated with lower alertness and slower response organization. In addition, users experienced working memory problems at the start, and psychomotor slowing and poorer episodic recall at the end of the working week.
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JAMA -- Abstract: Cognitive Functioning of Long-term Heavy Cannabis Users Seeking Treatment, March 6, 2002, Solowij et al. 287 (9): 1123
Results Long-term cannabis users performed significantly less well than shorter-term users and controls on tests of memory and attention. On the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, long-term users recalled significantly fewer words than either shorter-term users (P = .001) or controls (P = .005); there was no difference between shorter-term users and controls. Long-term users showed impaired learning (P = .007), retention (P = .003), and retrieval (P = .002) compared with controls. Both user groups performed poorly on a time estimation task (P<.001 vs controls). Performance measures often correlated significantly with the duration of cannabis use, being worse with increasing years of use, but were unrelated to withdrawal symptoms and persisted after controlling for recent cannabis use and other drug use.
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Arch Gen Psychiatry -- Abstract: Neuropsychological Performance in Long-term Cannabis Users, October 2001, Pope et al. 58 (10): 909
Methods We recruited individuals aged 30 to 55 years in 3 groups: (1) 63 current heavy users who had smoked cannabis at least 5000 times in their lives and who were smoking daily at study entry; (2) 45 former heavy users who had also smoked at least 5000 times but fewer than 12 times in the last 3 months; and (3) 72 control subjects who had smoked no more than 50 times in their lives. Subjects underwent a 28-day washout from cannabis use, monitored by observed urine samples. On days 0, 1, 7, and 28, we administered a neuropsychological test battery to assess general intellectual function, abstraction ability, sustained attention, verbal fluency, and ability to learn and recall new verbal and visuospatial information. Test results were analyzed by repeated-measures regression analysis, adjusting for potentially confounding variables.
Results At days 0, 1, and 7, current heavy users scored significantly below control subjects on recall of word lists, and this deficit was associated with users' urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-{Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations at study entry.
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Sorry to rain on your parade.
If this isn't a troll, because I have a hard time believing it isn't, please enlighten me on what great things you've done with your life.
Fooz said:Who are you? are you famous? have i heard of you? Cure cancer yet?
If not than your achievements are as shallow and stupid as any other resource wasting hog of a human.
I'm not saying cannabis breeds stupidity; on the contrary, when used in a specific fashion it can achieve something that nothing else can. I don't however stand for all the idiots who do it just to get high, escape from reality, because its cool, because it feels good, etc. I don't agree with killing one's brain without a good fucking reason is all.
Government experts now admit that pot doesn't kill brain cells.1 This myth came from a handful of animal experiments in which structural changes (not actual cell death, as is often alleged) were observed in brain cells of animals exposed to high doses of pot. Many critics still cite the notorious monkey studies of Dr. Robert G. Heath, which purported to find brain damage in three monkeys that had been heavily dosed with cannabis.2 This work was never replicated and has since been discredited by a pair of better controlled, much larger monkey studies, one by Dr. William Slikker of the National Center for Toxicological Research3 and the other by Charles Rebert and Gordon Pryor of SRI International.4 Neither found any evidence of physical alteration in the brains of monkeys exposed to daily doses of pot for up to a year. Human studies of heavy users in Jamaica and Costa Rica found no evidence of abnormalities in brain physiology.5 Even though there is no evidence that pot causes permanent brain damage, users should be aware that persistent deficits in short-term memory have been noted in chronic, heavy marijuana smokers after 6 to 12 weeks of abstinence.6 It is worth noting that other drugs, including alcohol, are known to cause brain damage.
Footnotes
1. Dr. Christine Hartel, Acting Director of Research, National Institute of Drug Abuse, cited by the State of Hawaii Dept of Health, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division in memo of Feb. 4, 1994.
2. For an overview, see NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Report, op. cit., pp. 81-2. R.G. Heath et al, "Cannabis sativa: effects on brain function and ultrastructure in Rhesus monkeys," Biol. Psychiatry 15: 657-90 (1980).
3. William Slikker et al., "Chronic Marijuana Smoke Exposure in the Rhesus Monkey," Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 17: 321-32 (1991).
4. Charles Rebert & Gordon Pryor - "Chronic Inhalation of Marijuana Smoke and Brain Electrophysiology of Rhesus Monkeys," International Journal of Psychophysiology V 14, p.144, 1993.
5. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Report, pp. 82-7.
6. "Cannabis and Memory Loss," (editorial) British Journal of Addiction 86: 249-52 (1991)
Look I am not going to sit here and argue with you. It has been proven to NOT kill brain cells. I did not say, nor elude to there is no other brain related issues associated with smoking Cannabis, but Brain cell loss is NOT one of them.